Rome – The crisis bites foreigners more than the Italians. Immigrants arriving in Italy principlamente to find work and in most cases are found to perform unskilled tasks than educational qualifications and skills acquired, suffer the crisis with an unemployment rate doubled. Says Istat, that foreigners represent 8.6% of the resident population aged 15-74, the naturalized Italian 1.3%. The search for a job is the reason of migration in Italy for 57% of foreign born abroad and one-third of naturalized. The Istat report updated to the second quarter of 2014, reveals that from 2008 to 2014 the rate of employment of foreigners has declined by 6.3 points, much steeper then compared to Italians by birth and naturalized (-3.0 and -3.3 points, respectively). At the same time, the unemployment rate of foreigners has almost doubled compared with six years earlier (+7.1 points compared to +5.2 for Italians by birth). Going to reel off the numbers, it turns out that 59.5% of foreigners found work thanks to the support of the informal network of friends, relatives and friends (38.1% naturalized, 25% Italians), and 29.9 % of occupied states to play a low-skilled jobs, a percentage that falls between 23.6 and 11.5 among naturalized Italians. More often than men, women perceive to perform work unsuited to their qualifications and skills acquired, especially when it comes to foreign (are estimated occupied about four out of ten). Polish, Ukrainian, Filipino, Peruvian, Moldovan and Romanian workers are the most penalized . Italian by birth not be an obstacle to finding a job, or a suitable job, for 36.2% of foreigners and 22% of naturalized. The poor knowledge of Italian (33.8%), the lack of recognition of the qualification obtained abroad (22.3%) and social and cultural reasons (21.1%) are the three obstacles mentioned most. Men – detects ISTAT – migrate more often for work, women for family reasons.
In the second quarter of 2014, Istat said, among the population aged between 15 and 74 years (estimated 45 million 648 thousand) foreign residents in Italy represent 8.6%, an increase of 58.8% on the second quarter of 2008 while the naturalized are 1.3% (+ 28.7%). The remainder is made up of the Italian by birth, down 1.9% from six years earlier. The foreign-born population is estimated at 5,000,000 169mila individuals in the second quarter of 2014. Of course, the share of foreign-born is very high for foreigners and naturalized (respectively 99.1% and 93.3%), while just 1.7% (691,000 people) for Italians by birth. The main reason that prompted him to migrate to Italy differs significantly for collective and gender, without undergoing major changes over time. The work is the main reason for the migration of 57% of foreign , a figure that drops to 32.4% for naturalized and 6.2% for Italians by birth. For the latter two groups the reason for migration indicated most frequently is family reunification, involving respectively 58.8% and 90.9% of target populations; reasons related to the family concern instead 39.0% of foreigners. Compared to 2008, when the presence of foreign birth was estimated at 3,000,000 494mila, not are no major differences in the reasons given for either Italians by birth nor by foreigners; for naturalized is observed, instead, an increase of about 15 points in the pattern related to work (from 17.6% to 32.4%) and a reduction of almost 13 points of the familiar one (from 71.3% to 58, 8%). This is mainly due to the increase in the proportion of naturalized who acquired Italian citizenship after prolonged presence in Italy. In 2014, work as a main thrust of migration is the most common reason for men than women, the latter shall prevail always respects family. The gender differences are particularly marked : labor migration is indicated by 70.5% of men and 45.1% women; the considerable distance (25.4 percentage points) is still lower compared to 30.1 points in 2008. Against this background, the other reasons for immigration in Italy are less important: the study, for example, is indicated by just 2.1% of foreigners and reaches the higher of naturalized men (7.1%).
The reason for the presence in Italy of immigrants – remarked the Istat report – differs greatly depending on the citizenship. Work as a main reason for the migration project reaches higher percentages among men of Romanian citizenship (80.5%), India (76.8%), Poland (75.3%), Morocco (74.5%) and Chinese (73.6%); while the foreign with values much higher than the average are the Ukrainian (79.8%), the Philippine (75.6%) and Moldovan (71.9%), for which the value is even higher than that registered for ii fellow men. The gender imbalance is even greater for the Indian community, Albanian and Moroccan: the immigrant to work in Italy are respectively 7.7%, 12.8% and 18.7% of women, for whom reunification is the reason migratory prevalent. Conversely Romanian women came to Italy mainly for work (59.5%), despite a gap of 21 points with men. Between the second quarter of 2008 and the second in 2014, although the share of foreign workers in the total workforce has increased from 7.0% to 10.4%, the employment rate has suffered a steady decline with a more pronounced deterioration than rates Italians reported by birth and naturalized. The fall in employment, especially in male-dominated sectors, has resulted in a greater decline for men, but of different intensity in the three collettivi.Il employment rate of the foreign population has decreased in the six years of 6.3 points, reducing much wider than -3.3 points recorded on Italians by birth and -3.0 points for naturalized. In relation to gender, the decrease of -11.7 points for foreign men (-5.7 Italians by birth, naturalized -10.7) and -1.1 points for women (-0.9 the Italian, the naturalized -0.7).
Despite the continued contraction, the rate of employment of foreigners (59.3%) remains higher than that of both naturalized (50.3%) and the Italian by birth (55.4%) . The greater share of employment among foreigners is heavily dependent on the structure of the population by age, concentrated in the younger age groups and power: more than 70% of the foreign population is younger than 45 years (46, 2% Italians by birth and naturalized citizens 53%). For the same age group, in fact, foreigners have employment rates higher than Italians by birth only among aged 15-24 and, above all, among the 55-74enni. The overall deterioration in the employment status of foreigners is not regarded with the same intensity all the communities, because of the gender composition and inclusion in specific business sectors. Although in the six years all major communities have declined in the employment rate, the crisis has had especially severe impacts on Moroccans, mainly employed in industry excluding construction and in trade and the employment rate fell by more than 17 points , and the Bengalis, mainly used in hotels and restaurants and a rate dropped by more than 10 points. Significant reductions were also recorded for the Indians, Albanians and Romanians, tend to be dominated industry. Greater resilience has instead focused on the Chinese, mostly independent and included in commercial activities, the employment rate fell by just 1.2 points, due to the growth of the male component. Even Filipinos, Peruvians and Moldovans suffered modest contractions in employment rates, but in this case the estate has been the preserve of women, almost always placed in household services.
Persist – detects Istat – high differences in employment rates between the major communities : Filipinos in the lead (81.1%), followed, Peruvians, Moldovan, Ukrainian, Chinese, Romanians and Poles are those in the second quarter 2014 have an employment rate higher than the average of foreigners (59.3%); near the bottom of the list for the main nationalities, however, they lie with Moroccan and Indian employment rates below 50%. The differences between the communities are accentuated for women, with occupancy rates ranging from very high to the Philippines and Moldova (respectively 84.4% and 72.0%) to very low Moroccan and Indian (22.3% and 20.0%). Moreover, the widespread decline in the employment rate for all major communities was accompanied by an equally widespread increase in the unemployment rate. The most significant increases, more than 10 points, featured Moroccan, Indian and Albanian. An exception is the Chinese, the only community in the six years for which the unemployment rate fell. The Chinese, along with Filipinos, have an unemployment rate of around 5%, a value well below the average; at the other extreme lie, instead, Moroccans and Albanians with unemployment rates equal to 29.7% and 19.0% respectively.
The Chinese community is more dynamic in terms of business and the work is not employed: 43.4% of Chinese and 45.4% of Chinese employees has undertaken an activity. Such high values - notes the Istat report on immigrants and work – are not found for other citizenships, for which the prevalence of self-employed men than women is widespread. In particular, the men of the countries with a history of migration along the course in our country that mostly undertaken such an activity, as the Moroccans (18.7%) and Albanians (15.8%), respectively the third and second foreign nationality no longer present on the territory nazionale.Per foreigners channel more used to find work is informal mediation (59.5%). Two foreign women on three found the current job thanks to relatives, acquaintances and friends. The informal network, even if the main channel, is less decisive for naturalized Italians (38.1%) and especially Italians by birth (25%). Among the foreigners, 16.2% of men and 14.2% of women turned directly to the employer. Among Italians by birth 16.8% he found work after passing an open competition – a percentage that varies from 6.2% for those who work no more than five years to 31.4% for those having a seniority of work over 20 years. The beginning of self-employment is more prevalent among men, both for foreigners (13.1%) and Italian by birth (22.8%). The Filipino community benefits most from the informal network: about nine out of ten employees were helped by relatives, acquaintances and friends to find a job. With the exception of Filipinos and Indians, for the other major community network has supported more women, especially Polish and Ukrainian (used especially in household services) which respectively worth more than their countrymen of 29.6 and 24.4 points. (AGI)
(28 December 2015)
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